“There`s only beauty if there is an interlocutor. The beauty of the lagoon is always someone” (Mãe, 2017, p.40). Valter Hugo Mãe expresses our desire in the making of this paper to share our experience of meeting refugee children, as part of an ongoing research project dedicated to exploring the conditions in which they live in Baixada Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and the influences they bring with them from their birth countries. In the process of conducting this research, we (...) were surprised by a group of children who belong to the Warao ethnic group, and who have been welcomed by the municipality of Nova Iguaçu, which is part of Baixada Fluminense. The Warao are indigenous peoples from the North of Venezuela and their name means “canoe,” given their close relationship with water. A group of displaced Warao children and their families arrived in Nova Iguaçu after having “camped” out in the surroundings of Novo Rio bus station for a few weeks, followed by a sojourn in a public shelter, where the differences between them and the existing members of the institution led to conflict. Through a religious institution’s initiative, the families then found shelter in a small farm in the city of Japeri. They stayed there for six months, but once again were threatened by the prospect of eviction, after which they were finally welcomed in the city of Nova Iguaçu. The families–five interconnected units–expressed the wish to remain together and a social service institution found them a closed school building, which was modified to accommodate the group. When the Covid pandemic struck, the research and study group GEPELID began following the daily routine of these children at the shelter school and at the Marambaia welfare center. In their meetings with the Warao, the researchers were struck by their references to the Buriti tree as the “tree of life,” and the depths of its implications for their identity. In exploring this concept, the research group’s experience of radical cultural difference revealed the extent to which research in the human sciences is always a meeting with the other, and the relation between researcher and subjects an occasion for dialogue. (shrink)

Este trabajo presenta una traducción del Corán al castellano, desconocida hasta ahora, conservada en la Ets Haim/Biblioteca Montezinos de la comunidad judío-portuguesa de Amsterdam. El manuscrito data del siglo XVII y fue la obra de un judío español o portugués que vivía en Amsterdam o en otra comunidad de la diaspora Sefardí. En este estudio se ofrece una descripción material detallada del manuscrito y de su contenido, así como un análisis de sus fuentes italianas y españolas. Aunque el traductor dice (...) haber traducido la obra «palabra por palabra del árabe», en realidad, parece haber utilizado la versión italiana del Corán realizada por Giovanni Battista Castrodardo y publicada por Andrea Arrivabene en Venecia (1547). Un corto apéndice sobre la vida de Mahoma, por otro lado, se basa en una obra polémica castellana destinada a la minoría morisca: la Confutación del Alcorán y secta mahometana de Lope de Obregón, que fue publicada en Granada (1555). Esta traducción representa un ejemplo único para el estudio de la recontextualización del Corán en los comienzos de la Edad Moderna en Europa, así como de la Historia de la Lectura entre las diferentes confesiones en Europa y el Mediterráneo. (shrink)

The interview conducted in 2017 with Professor Lauro Frederico Barbosa da Silveira is published. This republication is a posthumous tribute to this philosopher who was one of the founders of the Trans/ Form/Ação Journal 50 years ago. A profound expert on various topics in Philosophy and other areas, Lauro was a pioneer in Semiotics studies in Brazil, having contributed to the consolidation and dissemination of the field. The interview addresses several subjects, such as the origin, academic and professional background (...) of the interviewee, the role of semiotics, the philosopher and philosophy in the world, the inseparability between theory and practice, the Brazilian political scenario, the role of information and the media in the formation of habits, autonomous action, and the function of emotions in the production of theories. (shrink)

PIZZI, Jovino; DUTRA, Delamar José Volpato. O sujeito pronominal e a gramática comunicativa: elementos para uma gramática da justiça. In: COLÓQUIO HABERMAS, 11.; COLÓQUIO DE FILOSOFIA DA INFORMAÇÃO, 2., 2015. Rio de Janeiro. Anais [...] Rio de Janeiro: Salute, 2016. Disponível em: https://coloquiohabermas.files. wordpress.com/2016/03/anais-xi-coloquio-habermas-e-ii-coloquio-de-filosofia-da-informacao1.pdf. Acesso em: 25 abr. 2023.

Background: The Gibbs Energy Redistribution Theory (GERT) series (Papers I–VII) has established a complete thermodynamic framework for cosmic evolution: from cosmological background dynamics (Papers I–III), through the internal anatomy of the Gibbs phase transitions (Paper IV), primordial gravitational wave signatures (Paper V), the zero-parameter derivation of dark matter phenomenology across six representative galaxies (Paper VI), and its universal validation against 191 galaxies of all morphological types with zero free parameters (Paper VII). One foundational regime has remained a theoretical black box (...) throughout: the pre-metric state from which the Relativistic Window emerged. Methods: We formalise the thermo-ontological foundation of GERT through a rigorous four-layer stratigraphy of physical reality. We redefine time strictly as the macroscopic measure of thermodynamic Work (dτ ∝ −dG), establish the absolute logical constraints on the a-geometric vacuum of Layer 1, and derive the necessary consequences for the origin of matter and antimatter. Results: The a-temporal and a-geometric nature of the Layer 1 vacuum — which contains all geometry without possessing it — entails that matter and antimatter Universes cannot share spacetime coordinates, because spacetime coordinates presuppose the Riemannian metric that only emerges in Layer 3. The absence of observational record of a Great Annihilation is therefore not a puzzle requiring a fine-tuned solution; it is the expected consequence of an ontological separation that is logically foundational to all geometry — arising from a regime where the categories of geometry have no referent. The zero-sum conservation of the vacuum (Htotal = HM + H ¯M = 0) is preserved exactly, without statistical residue. Conclusions: The Universe is not the accidental leftover of an imperfect annihilation. It is one of two necessary, symmetric, and ontologically orthogonal solutions to the thermodynamic bifurcation of a zero-sum atemporal vacuum. General Relativity, applied to this a-geometric regime, is a category error: the relativistic ruler cannot measure the era before the relativistic ruler existed. The GERT series thus provides a unified account from the timeless void of origin to the dignified thermodynamic equilibrium of Layer 4 — with zero free parameters at each layer. (shrink)

ABSTRACT The article seeks to present three criteria that could serve as indications for a test of the best theory of law, positivism or jusnaturalism. Considering that the crux of the matter is the relationship between law and morality, and that positivists generally defend the separation thesis, and that jusnatralists defend the connection thesis, the text scrutinizes the possible effects that the two conceptions have in relation to quietism, anarchy and the retroactivity of the law. It therefore deals with the (...) relationship between legal positivism and jusnaturalism with wicked legal systems, especially Nazism. The text scrutinizes the Hart/Fuller debate in order to analyze the possible causal relatioships that would explain the connections between legal positivism and jusnaturalism with Nazism. It indicates that a similar debate could be reconstructed between Kelsen/Radbruch. The article argues that in terms of quietism, both theories are as if in a tie. For this reason, the search for possible effects was extended to other questions, such as the thesis of anarchy and complexity. In these last two areas, the article concludes that legal positivism has a slight advantage over jusnaturalism. (shrink)

The article discusses which philosophical tools are indispensable and fundamental for understanding the meaning of technology in modern times. It focuses on the debate about artificial intelligence "replacing thought". It provides philosophical criteria for evaluating the rupture between humanism and technology and possible interpretative and analytical choices about human cognition and the possibility of its duplication by machines. It raises ethical and legal issues in the current debates involving Artificial Intelligence and Philosophy, in the sense of the need to regulate (...) the use of artificial intelligence ethically and legally, considering the human perspective of its use and the impacts on humanity. It ponders whether a philosophy of reconstruction of the world will emerge based on technological standards or whether it will look to the humanist tradition to develop an interpretation, given that relations between humans and machines are still unclear. (shrink)

O texto expõe, em traços gerais, a teoria da desobediência civil de Rawls, com a finalidade de destacar a definição da desobediência civil como sendo um direito. Pretende-se mostrar que se trata de um direito individual, ainda que seu exercício possa também apresentar traços políticos. Em seguida, apresenta a teoria de Raz no sentido da negativa de que a desobediência civil seja um direito. Ad argumentandum tantum, toma-se como procedente a objeção de Raz, com a finalidade de escrutinar algumas consequências (...) que uma tal formulação acarretaria para a teoria de Rawls, especificamente no que diz respeito à fundamentação da desobediência civil, como sendo um direito. Por fim, analisa possíveis respostas que poderiam ser ofertadas a Raz, a partir especialmente da perspectiva de Rawls. Defende-se que isso implica a necessidade de reconstruir a teoria da desobediência de Rawls, como teoria da resistência. (shrink)

The text aims to explore legal and moral aspects of torture. Under the legal aspect the text compares three definitions of torture: UN definition, Brazilian definition, and Spanish definition. In this regard, neither the UN formulation nor the Brazilian formulation are ideal, because the Brazilian legal definition restricts the element of action by the part of the perpetrator of torture, and the UN convention restricts the effect on the victim, given that pain or suffering should be severe. The hypothesis is (...) that a better proposal could be linked to the Spanish Penal Code, which in its art. 174 defines torture as the submission of someone “to conditions or procedures that, due to their nature, duration or other circumstances, involve physical or mental suffering, the suppression or decrease of their faculties of knowledge, discernment or decision, or that otherwise undermine their moral integrity”. Concerning the moral meaning of the repulse to torture it is intended to defend the paradigmatic character of the human right to not be tortured in at least two respects. The first aspect refers to its universalizing vocation in the full sense, since it can be extended to all sentient beings. In this regard, the prohibition of torture goes beyond the dominium of personality to advance in the direction of a domain of suffering not determined by the mask of personality. The second aspect is that the prohibition stands for an absolute right with no exceptions, precisely because of its deeper moral content.Keywords:radical evil, torture, perpetrator. (shrink)

The hypothesis of this paper is that legal positivism depends on the non plausibility of strong moral cognitivism because of the non necessary connection thesis between law and morality that legal positivism is supposed to acknowledge. The paper concludes that only when based on strong moral cognitivism is it consistent to sustain the typical non-positivistic thesis of the necessary connection between law and morality. Habermas’s Philosophy of law is confronted with both positions.

This article consists of an outline of a dialogue between José Crisóstomo de Souza’s pragmatic poietic philosophy and Niklas Luhmann’s theory of autopoietic social systems. The premise of this proposed dialogue is the observation that the theory of social systems should be understood as a non-structuralist perspective of the social that emphasizes the non-systematic character of social systems, that is, the fact that the recursive unity of social life is defined by the temporal connections of practices and operations and not (...) by the coherence between their structures. The intuition of this proposed dialogue is that this non-systematic and recursive character of autopoietic social systems opens new interesting horizons for thinking about social and individual creativity, as postulated by pragmatic poietic. (shrink)

In Being and Time, Heidegger presented the finitude of human existence from the concepts of being towards death and anticipatory resoluteness. By interpreting human existence as existential possibility, it becomes possible to properly understand existential death as distinct from death in the vital sense. In view of the projective characteristic of understanding, Heidegger shows that projection into possibilities is always subject to risk and failure, since what sustains the “existential” aspect of existential possibility is projection in it. In this sense, (...) the objective of this article is to present and discuss the concepts of death, existential possibility and finitude existence based on the interpretative thesis that Heidegger’s elaboration of the existential concept of death is independent of the common and mundane sense of death, presented through the concept of demise, based on the thesis proposed by Heidegger that death is the possibility of the impossibility of existence in general. (shrink)

O texto analisa quais teriam sido as razões estruturais pelas quais Habermas, no seu texto sobre a desobediência civil de 1983, estranhamente, não referencia o nome de Arendt, mas o de Rawls. Para isso, apresenta alguns elemen tos do t ratamento arendtiano da desobediên cia civil que inviabilizaram o alinhamento do trabalho de Habermas sobre a desobediência civil [1983] com aquele da pensadora. Por fim, aponta para as prox imidades da teoria de Habermas com aq uela de Rawls, muito embora (...) com ciência das diferenças importantes entre as duas propostas. (shrink)

O artigo analisa a crítica de Jacques Derrida, em “O carteiro da verdade”, ao falocentrismo concernente à lógica do significante proposta por Jacques Lacan. Para isso, mostramos como a desconstrução parte da concepção de que a aposta no falo é um dos modos de Lacan ser fiel à ideia de Sigmund Freud em torno da libido ser masculina. Derrida busca explicitar esse vínculo por meio da interpretação que o psicanalista francês produz do conto “A carta roubada”, de Edgar Allan Poe, (...) uma vez que tal interpretação transformaria a literatura em ilustração da tese freudiana indicada acima. Retomar essa querela de Derrida com Lacan permite não só indicar a força efetiva da crítica desconstrutiva à economia restrita do falo como também defender a hipótese segundo a qual a cena da escrita de Derrida fica demasiadamente presa ao que conheceu de Lacan nos Escritos, o que permite supor que a psicanálise lacaniana possa ter outra teoria sexual que não apenas aquela que a desconstrução visa desmontar. (shrink)

O texto trata da desobediência civil como sendo um direito. Deveras, a desobediência civil é compreendida por Habermas como um dos direitos originários do soberano. O texto reconstrói a objeção de Raz no sentido de que a desobediência civil não é um direito e leva a sério esta objeção, a fim de escrutinar algumas consequências que uma tal formulação poderia acarretar para a teoria da desobediência civil de Habermas. Sustenta-se que a versão de desobediência civil defendida por Habermas é capaz (...) de oferecer uma resposta à objeção de Raz. (shrink)

In this paper I analyze the relation between ascribing knowledge to a human agent in two kinds of circumstances, namely acting according to environmental contingences and acting according to a rule. My discussion begins with the distinction I put forward between descriptive and explicative hypotheses. After relating the notions of rule and belief, I try to support the idea that modifications in overt behavior are prior to any ascriptions of knowledge to an agent, connecting this topic with processes of investigation. (...) I discuss also if there can be beliefs which do not bring about modifications of behavior, and I argue that in certain circumstances of our investigation about the behavior of people, in order to give it unity, we are to ascribe beliefs of that kind to people. Given those points, I depict epistemology as the theory of the processes of investigation involved in human action. • DOI:10.5007/1808-1711.2010v14n2p279. (shrink)

O texto defende que afetos tais como orgulho, vaidade, inveja, busca de honra e glória, são estruturantes para a argumentação hobbesiana. Sustenta-se que sem tais afetos o estado de natureza não seria um estado de guerra, mas um estado de paz e concórdia, como defendido por Locke. Ademais, sem a consideração de tais afetos, o design do Leviatã seria fundamentalmente diferente, visto que as leis naturais que devem configurá-lo, só são compreensíveis em seu conteúdo se se pressupuser a autoconservação de (...) seres orgulhosos, vaidosos, invejosos e que buscam honra e glória. Sem tal consideração, o Estado não só se mostraria ineficaz enquanto dispositivo de segurança para os humanos, como seria instável. Portanto, pressupor e conter tais traços afetivos é fundamental para a viabilidade e a estabilidade do Leviatã. Por fim, o texto desenha uma hipótese a respeito dos fundamentos a partir dos quais o ser humano apresenta tais traços afetivos, bem como a respeito do modo de conhecê-los. (shrink)

Ian Hacking puts forward a distinction between two kinds of scientific realism. According to scientific realism about theories, scientific theories are accepted as approximately true; according to scientific realism about unobservable entities, the theoretical terms occurring in scientific theories refer to existing, real entities. This article seeks to show that Claude Bernard's philosophy of science is a realist one about scientific theories, but anti-realist about unobservable entities. The term “fictionalism” is used here to stand for this sort of anti-realism about (...) unobservable entities. (shrink)

This paper proposes an alternative view of the connection between knowledge and truth. Truth is traditionally seen as a semantic notion, i.e. a relation between what we say about the world and the world itself. Epistemologists and philosophers of science are therefore apt to resort to correspondence theories of truth in order to deal with the question whether our theories and beliefs are true. Correspondence theories try to define truth, but, in order to do so, they must choose a truth (...) bearer, i.e. something capable of being true, for instance, propositions, sentences or statements. According to the analysis here proposed, none of these truth bearers can be defined without reference to the others. The pragmatic, alternative view here presented, in its turn, is unaffected by this kind of conceptual difficulty. According to this view, one must focus on the use of truth terms – such as ‘true’, ‘false’, ‘correct’, ‘appropriate’, etc. – and the methodological role such terms play in the investigative practices and research programs to be found both in the sciences and in other, everyday investigative activities, such as forensic and journalistic investigations. (shrink)

O texto apresenta o direito natural como sendo a liberdade de usar o próprio poder e contesta que ele seja idêntico, quer à lei natural, quer à autoconservação.

This paper aims at discussing the usage by Davidson as to events of Quine's criterion of ontological commitment. According to Davidson, we are ontologically committed to the existence of events as individuals as we employ literally terms such as ‘Caesar’s death’, for instance. Davidson extends this analysis to actions as well, since actions are human events. One of the consequences of this view is that psychology deals with individual events in a non-lawful way. An alternative view is here proposed, based (...) on a complementary criterion, namely ontological density, according to which from the point of view of a given theory, we can always distinguish between events (or phenomena) and individuals (entities) among the overall occurrences described by the theory. Some consequences of this alternative view of psychology as a science dealing lawfully with general human events are also explored here. (shrink)

Smith apresentou um modelo de desobediência civil inspirado em Rawls e em Habermas. O presente artigo apresenta essa proposta de Smith, porém, tendo como ponto de fuga uma possível resposta à objeção de Raz, segundo a qual a desobediência civil não seria um direito. Além disso, o texto explora a desobediência civil como um direito, no sentido da sua definição, fundamentação e escopo. Palavras-chave: Desobediência civil. Direito. Smith. Habermas. Rawls. Raz.

O texto apresenta a teoria discursiva da aplicação do direito, tal como concebida por Habermas. Essa teoria constituiu um cruzamento entre normas procedimentais coativas e argumentação, de maneira que o procedimento juridicizado não deve pré-julgar ou dirigir a lógica da argumentação. No entanto, tal argumentação não pode ser entendida do mesmo modo que a argumentação moral, justamente devido às honras que deve prestar à legitimidade do direito oriunda do processo democrático, cuja racionalidade, nos argumentos morais, é mais complexa do que (...) a da argumentação moral. Para clarificar esse ponto fundamental, é apresentada a recusa habermasiana da tese do caso especial, de Alexy. PALAVRAS-CHAVE – Habermas. Filosofia do direito. Aplicação do direito. Discurso jurídico. ABSTRACT The texts presents Habermas’s theory of legal discourse. In this theory legal coercive procedures are intertwined with processes of argumentation, in such a way that those procedures should not determine the logic of argumentation. But such an argumentation cannot be understood in the same way as moral argumentation, since the rationality which makes a law legitimate is more complex than the one of moral argumentation. In order to clarify that fundamental point, Habermas’s refusal of Alexy’s special case thesis shall be exposed. KEY WORDS – Habermas. Philosophy of law. Adjudication. Legal discourse. (shrink)

Ugar and Malele 1 critique the use of ‘generic’ technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) for mental health diagnoses, particularly in sub-Saharan African countries. They highlight how these AI medical tools often overlook traditional perspectives and local contexts. The article has the merit of working on ethical issues regarding the particularities and risks of using AI and ML for health diagnosis in the Global South, an urgent and neglected topic. According to the authors, the use of these (...) AI technologies leads to overgeneralisation in diagnosing mental disorders, which could be especially problematic in the mental health field because of value-laden judgements intrinsic to the definition of mental health disorders. This argument is theoretically grounded in the hybrid conceptualisation of mental disorders proposed by Wakefield. 2 This author’s perspective incorporates both factual and value components in defining mental disorders, framing them as context-dependent ‘harmful dysfunctions’... (shrink)

In this paper, I try to argue that both science, as a specific kind of knowledge, and human knowledge in general are activities of constructing models. In the first part, I present my conception according to which scientific models are abstract entities, and that scientific theories may be interpreted as classes of models as abstract replicas of real settings, in which certain laws apply. In the second part, I try to extend that same conception to ordinary human knowledge, particularly to (...) the case of the cognitive activity of classifying objects of experience. (shrink)

Tugendhat propõe, em seu livro - üções sobre éUca - uma análise formal do que seja uma moral Nesse patamar busca-se estatuir as características de qualquer sistema que queira ser identificado como moral Ao delimitar o que é uma moral Tugendhat determina, não só um cnténo para o reconhecimento de um sistema moral, mas, também, o próprio signjficado das proposições morais. Nesse último ponto, mostraremos os imbricamentos, bem como as diferenças entre essa posição é aquela de Kant. No tocante às (...) éticas kantianas, ele aceita o que concerne ao conteúdo, configurado numa moral do respeito universal, mas recusa sua pretensa fundamentação absoluta. (shrink)

This paper argues for a version of perspectival realism as to abstract objects. Differently from bodies and mental states, abstract realities are supposed to be always unobservable objects, things never given in perception. Contrary to this received view, this paper tries to show that abstract objects can be perceived, even though people aren’t currently aware of perceiving them. Moreover, in order to perceive abstract objects we must be accordingly equipped. Our equipment to perceive abstract objects involves not only retino-cortical elements, (...) but mental and cultural conditions as well. (shrink)

Este artigo procura interpretar as noções de movimento, com-portamento e ação em relação umas com as outras. Primeiro, argumenta-se que o movimento é um evento nomologicamente descrito por meio de uma teoria mecânica, e seus conceitos e modelos. Igualmente, o com-portamento é o tipo de evento humano funcionalmente des-crito por meio de modelos probabilísticos que relacionam o que fazem diferentes indivíduos em circunstâncias nas quais uma descrição mecâni-ca não é explicativa de forma relevante. Assim compreendido, o compor-tamento é essencialmente um (...) fenômeno social. Finalmente, a ação é o tipo de acontecimento humano que não pode ser explicado nomologi-camente. O conceito de ação defendido deste modo é, fundamentalmen-te, residual em relação aos conceitos de comportamento e movimento.This paper aims at construing the notions of motion, behavior and action in connection with each other. First, it is argued that motion is an event lawfully described by means of some mechanical theory, and its concepts and models. Likewise, behavior is the kind of human event functionally described by means of probabilistic models that connect what different individuals do in circumstances where a me-chanical description is not relevantly explicative. Viewed this way, behav-ior is an essentially social phenomenon. Finally, action is the kind of hu-man occurrence that cannot be lawfully explained. The concept of action thus argued for is fundamentally residual in relation to the concepts of behavior and motion. (shrink)

The identity of the historical Jesus has been object of a constant study and investigation. Throughout history new discoveries and statements have been made, some to cooperate and assist with the Christian faith, which profess Jesus as Lord and Savior; others, however, in order to extricate the Christ of faith presented by the Gospels, from the historical Jesus. This issue is so old that takes theologians and scholars to deeply dig in search for information, having as one of the references, (...) the Apostle Paul, author of many letters compiled to the New Testament. The apostle is notorious, being recognized, among other things, through his writings, as one of the most outstanding works on the interpretation of Jesus' life; but they are scarce about mentioning the Historical Jesus. This fact is explained by some theologians by the foreknowledge that Pauline recipients had about Jesus. So Paul is not interested in explore this question, since there were already other works making references on the subject, as the gospels, and their goals are different, although some elements are highlighted in Paul, as the passion, crucifixion and resurrection of Christ. This article briefly discusses the problem of the Historical Jesus and highlights the elements that make reference to this matter, through the Apostle Paul, highlighting the second letter to the Corinthians. (shrink)

Nota sobre Psicologia Experimental e Natureza Humana: Ensaios de Filosofia da Psicologia, de Hugh Lacey. (Flonanopolis NEL–UFSC, 2001).

RESUMO O texto acalenta a hipótese de que as razões pelas quais Hobbes justifica a desobediência e mesmo a resistência ao soberano possam ser compreendidas a partir da teoria da boa-fé contratual, tal qual apresentada por Rawls em Uma teoria da justiça. ABSTRACT The text raises the hypothesis that the reasons why Hobbes justifies disobedience and even resistance to the sovereign can be understood from the contractual good-faith theory, as presented by Rawls in A Theory of Justice.

In this commentary I critique individualist biases in developmental and cultural evolutionary science, highlighting the need to study children’s peer cultures as relational and culturally situated. Emphasizing perspectives from the Global South, I call for a genuinely inclusive framework that integrates non-Western developmental theories into the core of cultural evolutionary research.